American Psychological Association (APA) style
Sources that are within the subject of social sciences are very commonly formatted using the American Psychological Associate or APA style. Some of the common ways to format citations are mentioned in the following chart.
| Type of Reference |
Reference List |
Reference Citation in Text |
| Book - single author |
Burkitt, I. (1991). Social selves: Theories of the
social formation of personality. London: Sage. |
(Burkitt, 1991) |
| Book - more than one author |
Burns, A., & Levy, R. (1992). Clinical diversity in
late onset Alzheimer's disease. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. |
(Burns & Levy, 1992) |
| Edited book |
O'Leary, K. D. (Ed.). (1987). Assessment of marital
discord: An integration for research and
clinical practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
(O'Leary, 1987) |
| Article from book |
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric
care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.),
Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp.
517-552).Washington, DC: American
Psychiatric Press. |
(Baker & Lightfoot, 1993) |
| Journal article - two authors |
Kliewer, W., & Sandler, I. N. (1993). Social
competence and coping among children of
divorce. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 63, 432-440. |
(Kliewer & Sandler, 1993) |
| Magazine article - no author |
Gulf War syndrome: Made in the U.S.A.? (1994,
June 6). Time, 143, 13. |
("Gulf War Syndrome," 1994) |
| Newspaper article - no author |
Dozens of deaths linked to new potent grade of heroin.
(1993, July 19). The New York Times, p. B5. |
("Dozens of deaths," 1993) |
| Encyclopedia article |
Frederick, C. J. (1994). Psychopharmacology. In R. J.
Corsini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (2nd
ed., Vol. 3, pp. 234-237). New York: John
Wiley. |
(Frederick, 1994) |
| Article from GALILEO |
Hecht, M.A., & Levy, R. (1998). License or obligation
to smile: the effect of power and sex on amount
and type of smiling. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1332-1342. Retrieved
December 18, 2001 from Periodical Abstracts
database. |
(Hecht & Levy, 1998) |
| Article from WWW |
Bushman, B.J. (1998). Effects of television violence on
memory for commercial messages. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4,
291-307. Retrieved December 22, 2001 from:
http://www.apa.org/journals/xap/xap44291.html |
(Bushman, 1998) |
| WWW site |
American Psychological Association. (1998,
March 27). APA urges lifting ban on federal
funding for needle exchange programs.
Retrieved December 28, 2001, from:
http://www.apa.org/ppo/press.html |
(American Psychological
Association, 1998) |
|
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