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Agriculture has always been a very important economic factor in Lower Saxony. Wheat, potatoes, rye, oats, as well as beef, pork and poultry, some present-day state agricultural products. In the north and north-west of Lower Saxony, mostly of coarse sandy soil that makes farming difficult and, hence, pasture and livestock are more common in these areas. To the south and south-east, vast segments of the loess soil left by the last glacier to allow high yields. One of the main crops are sugar beets.

Mining was an important source of income in Lower Saxony over the centuries. Silver ore became the basis of remarkable economic prosperity in the Harz mountains back in 1100, while the iron mining in the area of Salzgitter and salt mining in different areas of the state has become another important economic base. Although the overall yields relatively low, Lower Saxony is also a major supplier of oil to the European Union. Mineral products extracted far today include iron and lignite.

Radioactive waste is often transported in this district of Salzgitter, for a deep geological repository Schacht Konrad, as well as between Schacht Asse II near Wolfenbüttel and Lindwedel and Hofer.